CST 311 - Module 5

 Week 5

This week, we delved into the network layer of the internet. The network layer is what transports segments from sending to the receiving host. The sender encapsulates the transport layer segments into datagrams, which routers can use to deliver it to the receiver. Two important functions of the network layer are forwarding and routing, where routing determines the route taken by packets form source to destination, and forwarding is where each router moves a packet from the input to the appropriate output. 

You can consider there are two planes in the network layer. The data plane, which is where the per-router functions occur, such as forwarding, and the control plane, which is network wide, such as routing. A lot of what happens in the network plane is handled by routers, which is where the forwarding takes place, and uses forwarding tables to do so. However, this cannot be possible without the Internet Protocol. There are two formats, IPv4 which uses a 32-bit identifier using decimal format for hosts, and router interfaces (e.g. 255.255.255.255), and IPv6 which uses a 128-bit identifier using hexadecimal format and may also look familiar (e.g. FFFF:AAAA:BBBB:3333:DDDD:AAAA:9999:5555). How a host might get an IP address is by broadcasting a request to a DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) server.

However, no one outside of your local network knows your IP address. They only know your router's public IP address. The router simply uses a NAT (Network Address Translator) to delegate incoming traffic to the correct local host. This useful for several reasons. ISPs don't need to keep track of IP addresses from each host, just the public IP. You can change the address of devices in your local network, and it won't affect the outside world. When changing ISP, you only need to change the address of the routers public IP. As well as a security plus when considering outside devices can't discover local devices.

There are many more features and topics that I haven't covered, but these are the main topics that stood out to me.

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